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101 Camping Out Ideas & Activities
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BRANCHES AND LEAVES
You frequently find galls, swellings of the tissues, on pine or oak branches and leaves. Galls result from the attacks of certain insects—gallflies, gall midges, and some aphids—that puncture the plant at a certain point and lay their eggs in the wound. The wound then grows into various shapes and the larvae grow up inside, feeding on the rapidly growing plant fibers.
The shot-hole borer: Vertical main passage
with many air holes and side pas sages eaten out by larvae
Bark beetle: Passages eaten out by bark beetles
Oak branch with leaves
Longicorn: The "cradle" in which the larvae of
the longicorn, a type of beetle, goes into the cocoon stage
 
Two oak leaves. Round, spongy galls at the end of oak branches can get as big as apples, and are often called oak apples. Both the balls and the lens-shaped galls on oak leaves are made by two different types of gallflies or gall wasps. Ink can be made from such galls.
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Small, hard-shelled galls on beech leaves
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Fine white cobwebs over leaves and branches. Inside, the leaves are already partially eaten. The cobwebs protect and support the caterpillars of different butterflies and moths. |
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Hazel nuts chewed by mice
Small, round holes in hazel nuts made
by nut weevils or long-horned beetles
Passages in a leaf made by various larvae.
They eat the chlorophyll, but leave the upper
and lower surfaces of the leaf untouched.
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